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Embedding a high-resolution model within a larger, lower-resolution regional model

A nested model refers to the practice of embedding a high-resolution model within a larger, lower-resolution regional model.
 
This approach enables detailed analysis of specific areas of interest while maintaining the broader context provided by the regional model.

IP express enables the execution of the IP algorithm in 3D, by utilizing seismic cubes in SGY format.

In contrast to the IP method used by the Petromod software simulator, IP express is not temperature/pressure dependent, and migration calculations are performed in one time step. Consequently, IP express performs much better than the traditional IP methodology in the Petromod software simulator.

Petromod software is integrated with Petrel software and leverages cloud computing and digital workflows through the Delfi platform.

Petromod software 1D, 2D, and 3D simulation results are available in the Petrel software results pane when the user is connected to a Petromod software project.

This includes:

• Visualization of 3D overlays through geological time as grid properties, including access to the Petrel software property calculator, 1D extractions along the wellbore, and display in the well section window.
• Seismic and well data displayed alongside petroleum system simulation outcomes to validate the accuracy of those results.
• Visualization of hydrocarbon accumulations through geological time, including flow paths or migration stringers, and properties and composition through geological time.
• Visualization of 2D models and node-based overlays in a 3D window through geological time.
• Extraction of 2D results from a 3D model, along polygons or intersections.

Pore pressure prediction results can be visualized as 3D overlays or in 1D extractions along the wellbore in absolute pressure units or in mud-weight equivalent.

Elements analyzed in pore pressure prediction include:

• Compaction effects.
• The centroid effect.
• Smectite-illite transformation.
• Cementation.
• Aquathermal pressure.
• Aquifer-driven background pressure.
• Hydrocarbon generation effects.
• The effect of sealing faults and their potential changes through geological time.

Pore pressure outputs?

• Highly valuable for field development forecasting.?
• Supports reservoir geomechanics simulations (e.g., Visage? finite-element geomechanics simulator , Intersect? reservoir simulator).

The heat flow calibration tool quickly calibrates 3D models to the temperature and vitrinite reflectance measurements provided from project wells.

All maps are calibrated at once, and results are written in heat flow maps that are imported into the 3D model in all Petromod software 3D packages.

The fully integrated crustal heat flow preprocessing tool calculates the heat flow history of Petromod software 2D and 3D models. This tool takes subsidence, timing, and crustal parameters as input to generate accurate stretching factors and higher-quality paleo heat flow maps, thus reducing uncertainty for faster map generation.

PetroMod? risk management system module opeates as a controlling framework across all Petromod software packages, assessing uncertainties and following the entire migration path to calculate probability estimates for accumulations.

Users can define uncertainties in the input data and both quantify and statistically evaluate their effects on simulation outcomes. Exploration risking is performed within the framework of a fully integrated dynamic geologic model.

Results are displayed in the 1D, 2D, and 3D viewers with additional overlays for specified output parameters. Probability estimates and statistical information for potential hydrocarbon accumulations can also be selected and displayed. The PetroRisk module enables users to define well data for calibration, run inversion with Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), evaluate results, and shift desired parameters on the master model to achieve their targets.

Basin models are inherently deterministic but often carry a degree of uncertainty due to unknown inputs or limited data availability.

To address this, Petromod software provides an uncertainty analysis tool that allows users to run multiple realizations, assessing the impact of various parameters on model results.

The number of realizations depends on available licenses and computational resources. To overcome these limitations, users can leverage HPC cloud infrastructure through the Delfi platform. This enables the simultaneous simulation of multiple models, significantly accelerating workflows.

There are two primary ways to utilize the Delfi cloud for uncertainty analysis:

Domain Profiles
Users can run simulations directly in the cloud on the Delfi platform, using predefined domain profiles, which streamline the process of managing and executing multiple realizations.

Delfi on-demand reservoir simulation
This option allows users to create models locally on their machines and then upload and simulate them in the cloud, taking advantage of the scalable compute power of Delfi platform infrastructure.
 
By utilizing the Delfi platform, users can efficiently handle large-scale uncertainty analyses, ensuring faster and more comprehensive results while overcoming local hardware and licensing constraints.